Hyperpigmentation

Signs and Symptoms / Common treatments:

Grimes, P. E. (2007). A microsponge formulation of hydroquinone 4% and retinol 0.15% in the treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Cutis, 79(6 Suppl), 27–44.

Sarkar, R., & Arora, P. (2013). Melasma update. Indian dermatology online journal, 4(4), 298–308.

Alexis, A., & Callender, V. (2010). Racial and Ethnic Differences in Skin Aging: Implications for Treatment with Fractionated Carbon Dioxide Laser. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 9(10), 1161–1164.

Hexsel, D., & Hexsel, C. (2014). Efficacy of new vehicle formulations of 4% hydroquinone and 0.05% tretinoin in treating solar lentigines. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 13(4), 390–392.

Bagatin, E., et al. (2018). New Insights on the Management of Skin Hyperpigmentation. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 19(1), 1–9.

Importance of skincare:

Lim, H. W., et al. (2019). Sunscreen and Prevention of Skin Aging: A Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 163(12), 879–889.

Kaur, R., & Zito, P. M. (2020). Cosmetics: Skin Care and Sun Protection. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539701/

Tsai, T. F., et al. (2018). Strategies for managing hyperpigmentation: a review. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 29(4), 370–377.

Murrell, D. F., et al. (2020). Dermatological Findings Associated with COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 59(2), 184–192.

³ Kohli, I., & Sachdeva, S. (2016). Melasma: A comprehensive update: Part I. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery, 9(1), 1–7.

⁴ Passeron, T. (2017). Melasma pathogenesis and influencing factors—An overview of the latest research. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 31(S4), 8–15.

¹ Davis, E. C., & Callender, V. D. (2010). Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: A review of the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options in skin of color. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 3(7), 20–31.

² Vashi, N. A., et al. (2016). Pigmentation in African American skin decreases with skin aging. Dermatologic Surgery, 42(7), 846–852.

⁵ Bin, B. H., & Kim, D. J. (2017). Genetic and epigenetic regulation of PDZK1 expression: Impact on melanogenesis. Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, 13(3), 299–304.

This ebrochure is for educational purposes only and is not intended to provide a diagnosis or treatment or replace the advice of your doctor, pharmacist, primary health care nurse or other healthcare provider. You are advised to discuss any questions or concerns you have with your healthcare provider.